32GeGermanium72.6308[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²
metalloid
Germanium
Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.
A stylized shell model. Electrons are quantum objects, not particles following these literal paths. Sizes and motion are illustrative.
Electrons by shell
Electron configuration
3d10
4s2
4p2
18 is the [Ar] core total across three shells.
At a glance
- Atomic number
- 32
- Atomic mass
- 72.6308 u
- Phase
- Solid
- Density
- 5.323 g/cm³
- Melting point
- 1,211.4 K
- Boiling point
- 3,106 K
- First ionization energy
- 762 kJ/mol
- Electronegativity
- 2.01
- Electron affinity
- 118.9352 kJ/mol
- Molar heat capacity
- 23.222 J/(mol·K)
- Period
- 4
- Appearance
- grayish-white
Conditions and isotopes affect measured properties. Some properties of short-lived elements are predicted. Electronegativity uses the Pauling scale.
Keep exploring
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